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C. Haritha ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², B. Kalakumar ¹, G. Dilip Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN

Abstract

Diclofenac toxicity was studied in male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of a day old age. The chicks were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 10 in each group. Group 1 was kept as basal diet control (1–32 days), group 2 on basal diet for 32 days + diclofenac (0.8 mg/kg body weight I/M) on day 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32, group 3 on basal diet for 32 days + cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight I/M once daily) from day 20 to 23, group 4 on high-protein, high-calcium, low vitamin A (HPHC) diet (1–32 days), group 5 on basal diet + diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), group 6 on HPHC + diclofenac (as per the schedule), group 7 on HPHC + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), and group 8 on HPHC + diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule). The activity of TBARS, SOD, and catalase revealed a significant (P <0.05) increase, while there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the concentration of GSH in liver in the groups given diclofenac either alone or in combination with other variables. There was no significant difference in the diclofenac residue levels. The electron microscopy of liver revealed lesions of mild to marked severity in different combinations. It can be concluded that diclofenac has the toxic potential in poultry at subtherapeutic doses and further the toxic effects were more pronounced under the influence of immunosuppressants and HPHC diet.

Keywords

Diclofenac, hepatotoxicity, high-protein high-calcium diet, oxidative stress

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M. Ratan Kumar ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², G. Dilip Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, IN

Abstract

Effect of lead was studied for its action on antioxidant defense in broilers. A total of 225 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Vencobb strain) were divided randomly into 15 groups consisting of 15 chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on polyherbal formulation (PHF; stressroak), group 3 on shilajit, group 4 on amla, and group 5 on vitamin E + selenium (Se). Group 6 was maintained on lead for 42 days (6 weeks) and group 7 on lead for 28 days and subsequently on basal diet without lead for the remaining two weeks. Groups 8, 9, 10, and 11 were given lead along with PHF, shilajit, amla, and vitamin E + Se, respectively throughout the experiment for 6 weeks. Groups 12, 13, 14, and 15 were given lead containing diet for the first four weeks (28 days) and subsequently treated with PHF, shilajit, amla, and vitamin E + Se, respectively for the remaining two weeks. Antioxidant status of the birds was analyzed by assaying blood samples for glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, and catalase at the end of fourth and sixth weeks, whereas Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and GSH concentrations were estimated in liver homogenate at the end of the sixth week. The antioxidant defense parameters were significantly altered in toxic control groups indicating the possible oxidative damage caused by lead, whereas the parameters were normal in control groups 1 to 5 and other groups that were given the drugs in test, indicating their good ameliorating activity in oxidative stress.

Keywords

Amelioration by adaptogens, lead, oxidative stress

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G. Dilip Reddy ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, G. Srinivasa Rao ², C. Haritha ¹, K. Jyothi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh - 521 102, IN
2 NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna Dt., Andhra Pradesh - 521 102, IN

Abstract

A total of 56 male Sprague dawley rats of uniform weight and age were randomly divided into seven groups consisting of eight rats in each group. Groups 1, 2, and 3 served as plain control, dyslipidaemic control (DL), and atorvastatin control, respectively. Groups 4, 5, 6, and 7 received 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.75% fresh garlic w/w in feed, respectively in addition to the high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and administered with atorvastatin orally for 12 weeks at the rate of 10, 5, 7.5, and 2.5 mg/kg b.wt., respectively. Plasma creatinine was estimated at 4-week intervals, whereas histopathology, electron microscopy, and estimation of TBARS concentration in kidney were conducted at the end of experiment. The TBARS concentration in DL was significantly (P<0.05) increased when compared with groups 1, 3, 6, and 7. On histopathological examination, kidney sections of group 3 had mild degenerative changes in the tubules with fatty change in few tubules, while groups 4 and 5 exhibited mild-tomoderate degenerative and fatty changes in tubules with inter tubular hemorrhages. The electron microscopy of group 2 showed hypertrophy of Bowman’s capsule, while that of group 4 showed secretary deposits in the cytoplasm. The interaction studies on kidney indicated that high dose of atorvastatin + garlic has negative safety profile when compared with groups having low dose of statin and high dose of garlic.

Keywords

Atorvastatin, garlic, kidney

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K. Jyothi , A. Gopala Reddy , Gopi K. S. , B. Anil Kumar , G. Dilip Reddy

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against experimentally-induced renal toxicity due to cyclophosphamide (CYP) in rats. Three groups (2, 3 and 4) of female Wistar Kyoto rats with 6 animals in each group were administered with CYP @ 40 mg/kg bwt on 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 7^th day by intraperitoneal route. Group 2 remained as toxic control. Group 3 received NAC from 1^st to 14^th day @ 0.2% of feed and group 4 was treated with NAC from 8^th to 14^th day. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet for 14 days. The study revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the concentration of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls, and a decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration of kidney. These results are suggestive of CYP-induced oxidative stress resulting in renal damage. Feeding of NAC could not offer protection against CYPinduced renal damage in this study.

Keywords

Cyclophosphamide (CYP), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), Oxidative stress

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